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Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children's academic performance and social interactions. Limited data exist on ADHD prevalence and its associated behavioral and emotional challenges among elementary school children in Syria. This study aims to assess ADHD prevalence, behavioral symptoms, and comorbid conditions in children from Deir ez Zor and Homs, Syria.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,200 elementary school children aged 6–12 years in Deir ez Zor and Homs. ADHD was assessed using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale-Revised (CTRS-R), while behavioral and emotional difficulties were evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) was used to measure anxiety levels. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and prevalence rates were compared between regions and genders.
Results
The overall prevalence of ADHD was 8.6%, with a higher rate in Homs (9.1%) compared to Deir ez Zor (8.2%). Boys (10.4%) had a significantly higher ADHD prevalence than girls (6.5%). Behavioral assessments indicated that 67.8% of ADHD children exhibited emotional difficulties, while 54.3% had peer relationship problems. Hyperactivity was reported in 82.1%, and conduct problems in 58.6% of ADHD-diagnosed children. Additionally, 42.5% of children with ADHD exhibited moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 28.7% showed depressive tendencies, highlighting the presence of comorbid conditions.
Conclusion
The study reveals a significant burden of ADHD and associated emotional and behavioral challenges among elementary school children in Syria. Findings emphasize the need for early diagnosis, teacher training, and school-based interventions to support affected children. Future research should explore underlying environmental and socio-economic contributors to ADHD in this population.
ADHD, elementary school children, Syria, behavioral symptoms, comorbid conditions, anxiety, prevalence